The first day at a new school or college Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The first day at a new school or college - Essay Example Looking back at my life, from since I was a child, I always thought of myself as an easy-to-approach and friendly person. This made me confident about being in new environments, as I imagined people could easily befriend me. Even when I watched movies that showed how people are bullied when they join a new school, I was sure it would never happen to me. In my view, I am easy-going, cool and fun to be around, as evidenced by the fact that I have many friends with whom I play football with over the weekend or after school, if time allows. However, this all changed when my father informed my siblings and I that we would be moving to a different town since he had been offered a better job there. This meant changing schools and worse, leaving the friends that I had grown close to and shared memorable things with. My siblings- two younger sisters- were excited and sad about leaving their friends too, they were scared about joining a new school too, as they felt it would be hard to find peo ple that they could get along with easily. On the other hand, I felt that this would not be a challenge and that I would keep in touch with my old friends via phone and facebook. The fateful day of our moving came and goodbyes were said. Being on a Saturday, I made sure that I had bid farewell to my friends from school the day before and exchanged contacts, including postal address, to ensure we remain in touch. I was particularly keen on keeping in touch with my swimming instructor; he had been such an inspiration and a mentor as I hone and perfect my swimming skills. I discovered my passion for the sport through him and found someone to guide me through my studies, so he was a person I was sure I would miss. Getting to the new town and settling into a new neighborhood worked out fine; this was a larger town, much nearer to the city. I found it exciting and eagerly awaited that day which I would start at the new school and make friends. Sunday was dedicated to unpacking and being a cquainted with the new environs. I realized that there were no kids of my age but consoled myself that I would make some at school the following day and we would visit each other. My sisters were lucky enough to find their age mates in the neighborhood. I was further consoled by the fact that there was a youth hostel nearby, thus I could comfortably continue swimming. I mapped out my route to school and prepared my bag and clothes in anticipation of the first day. I had no problem getting up, as I was energized and slightly nervous; hurriedly, I showered, had my breakfast and left for the new school which was a ten-minute walk. I got to school early enough and checked in at the admissions office to get a copy of the timetable, combination for my locker and a brief orientation. Walking into my first class marked the end of all my hopes of making friends easily and simply fitting into the new environment. The class teacher felt the need to make me stand up at the front and talk a litt le about myself. As I did this, I heard other students giggle and some sneered; it was generally an uncomfortable and disheartening moment. Being an optimist, I told myself this would pass before lunchtime; however, this was not to be, as I painfully discovered through the rest of the day. My next class was Chemistry and everyone had a lab partner except for me. The teacher then paired me up with a student that seemed ‘out casted’ by the rest for some reason. I joined her and quickly introduced myself only to get a cold shoulder from her. Through the class, I realized that she was much smarter than everyone else and this made her arrogant, thus no one liked her. I suffered through trying to keep up and challenged myself to make her a friendly person. My day got worse at lunch time when I walked into the cafeteria and realized that everyone sat in a group which each had certain tables ‘reserved’ for them. I got my food and mustered the courage to sit at a ta ble that had two occupants

Punishment vs Discipline Essay Example for Free

Punishment vs Discipline Essay Ashlee Johnson 04/29/10 Punishment vs. Discipline HFS 4213 Children cannot possibly benefit from discipline in the form of punishment. Simply put, punishment is disrespectful treatment of a child that will result short- term cooperation but further behavior problems long-term. No child should have to endure such negative modification methods intended to humiliate them with a goal of teaching appropriate behavior. Sadly, however, some adults think they are doing what is best for the child. But what can a child possibly learn from hearing a parent say, If you hit your brother one more time, Im gonna spank you! The child interprets that message as if I hit him, then youre going to hit me. There is no valuable lesson being taught in such a situation. Thankfully, organizations such as NAEYC have set forth guidelines for appropriate teaching techniques for parents and educators to utilize at home and in classrooms. By taking the initiative to research alternatives to punishment, one would see the egative impact this has on children. Anger, aggression, damaged self-esteem, fear, hostility, resentment, and deceitfulness are Just a few of the ways children respond to the emotional, physical, and verbally abusive means of punishment they may experience in an environment of uninformed adults. Even though it may be unintentional, the results can be devastating. There are many ways that discipline can be positive and actually help children learn. Effective child guidance approaches will instill in a child a way of controlling their own behavior. Children should have the power to make choices, and then they will learn from the consequences of their actions. They have a right to be respected and need to learn how to handle their emotions. It is our duty as early childhood educators and parents to allow young children an opportunity to gain knowledge and understanding from the experiences we offer them in safe, nurturing environments.

Apnea :: essays research papers

Sleeping Apnea Approximately 30 million Americans are victims of a sleep disorder called Obstructive sleep apnea. Man millions more are predisposed and have a high risk of developing the illness. If you are and adult male, the odds are about 50/50 that your breathing is not normal when you are sleeping.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)? OSA is a recurrent episode during sleep when their throat closes and they cannot suck air into their lungs. This happens because the muscles that normally hold the throat open during wakefulness relax during sleep and allow it to narrow. When the throat is partially closed and/or the muscles relax too much, trying to inhale will suck the throat completely closed and air cannot pass at all. This is an obstructive sleeping apnea episode.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A cessation of breathing must last 10 seconds or more to be called an apnea. Obstructive apnea episodes can last as long as two minutes and are almost always associated with a reduction in the level of oxygen in the blood. When an individual is in the midst of an obstructive sleep apnea episode, as long as sleep continues, the apnea continues. It is only terminated and waking up saves the victim’s life. This arousal instantly increases the activity of the muscles of the tongue and throat muscles that enlarge the airway. The victim will be able to breathe and to once again fill the lungs with life-giving oxygen. This cycle may be repeated hundreds of times a night while the suffer has no idea it is happing How serious is OSA? Depending on the degree of severity, OSA is a potentially life threatening condition. Some one who has undiagnosed severe obstructive sleep apnea is likely to have a heart attack, a stroke, cardiac arrest during sleep, or a harmful accident. In addition, awakening to breathe hundreds of times in a single night causes the victim to become very sleep deprived. There is a constant risk of serious accidents such as falling asleep while driving as well as impaired function in the workplace. Untreated OSA tends to progressively worsen and sooner or later will result in partial or complete disability and death.

Swot Analysis of Cango

SWOT is an acronym that stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The SWOT analysis will help CanGo understand the opportunities that are available and what threats may affect its operations. Before moving forward CanGo needs to assess the position they currently have in the market place. The use of a SWOT analysis technique will be beneficial at this point and will serve as the baseline to elaborate on a strategic plan for the organization.Be Bold has been observing CanGo’s operations for a couple of months, and have developed the following preliminary SWOT Analysis from these observations:Strength Purchase an automated storage and retrieval system (ASRS) to help improve the warehouse. An automated storage and retrieval system (ASRS) is a great solution for CanGo’s inventory handling.CanGo has experienced exponential growth in their first two years of operation. CanGo has been recognized as one of the fastest growing small business in the Hudson Val ley. Constant interest in research and improving company. As we can see that CanGo is always looking for something new, they are always trying to beat their competitors, they are constantly trying to improve company, and find another way to be successful and gain profit.Weaknesses CanGo, Inc. has no vision or mission statement.Growth opportunities are imminent and the possibility to go public requires a clear vision and mission statement in order to understand their direction on the marketCanGo is lacking in management by objectives (MBO).The aim of MBO is to increase organizational performance by aligning goal and subordinate objectives throughout the organization.CanGo is missing a strategic management plan.A strategic approach will help CanGo build teamwork by developing commitment and trust; will strengthen the leadership team by aligning their goals with those of the CEO; and will move the organization from the current status quo to an organized environment with clear goal sett ing for the short and long term. to develop and maintain a viable fit between their objectives, resources, and opportunitiesNeed for systems analysis and programmer.The marketing department must focus and apply their expertise and support in the areas of market intelligence and strategic business planning.OpportunitiesDeveloping an in-house database that is incorporates into an automated storage and retrieval system ASRS. An automated storage and retrieval system (ASRS) is a great resolution for CanGo’s inventory usage.Opportunities also exist in the Asia Pacific region for online sales. Company has to keep an eye on the future opportunities and possible consumers. The region could be their next step ahead to become a continental corporation. Updating the website to incorporate some of the marketing ideas found to be relevant in the recent research analysis project.Threats CanGo needs to expand its operating capacity to continue its’ growth. If they stay the same there won’t be growth, so in order to become more profitable, beneficial, and successful company they need to increase their productivity.Management must develop a strategic management plan. The purpose of the strategic marketing plan is to fit between the organization’s objectives and resources and its changing market opportunities so it is beneficial for the company. CanGo could potentially have employee retention problems. It is the responsibility of the CEO to ensure equal opportunity for all employees, adequate compensation packages, fair performance evaluation processes and career development programs for employees.Lack of capital for necessary growth needs. Lack of money and cost of ASRS system. Company needs to have funds to change or improve warehouse. When expanding into a new market CanGo needs to understand and take into account trends that are in the industry and account for them when doing any sort of planning.

Academic development Essay

Continuing education is always a means of empowering oneself towards being able to offer more as a professional and as an individual sincere in making a difference in this world. In this era of technology and modernization many young people become immediately satisfied with the monetary benefits of a college or a master’s degree and only few see the value in aiming for a doctor’s degree. Personally, I believe that many of these young people are correct in saying that even with a college and master’s degree economic benefits can already tide one over the laps of luxury because the world is in need of technology experts and specialists. However, I also consider pursuing a doctor’s degree in the spirit of paying it forward. While I already have a masters degree and can easily enrich myself economically, I am at the point in my life where I am more concerned with what I can give to society and the world, and not with what I can take from it. I am a dynamic and detail-oriented young professional aiming for more opportunities to be able to change and make the world a better place for all of us. I used to work at the Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City where I was recognized by the management as a professional and dedicated employee. See more:  Manifest Destiny essay I earned my bachelor’s degree in Computer and Information Sciences from the King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in 2007 after which I immediately proceeded to earn my Masters Degree in the Science in Management Information Systems from the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom. This particular master’s degree had special focus on Business Process Management based on the SAP System, Strategic Information Management, Information Systems Development, and Financial Management. My dedication and diligence in my academics paid off as I graduated from my master’s degree with Merit. Now, I seek to proceed and earn my doctors degree to finally seal my educational journey and become more capable of making significant contributions to the field of information technology. My experience in the field is varied. I personally handled and conducted demonstrations on a new ERP project for automating HR processes in a 400-bed rehabilitation hospital & medical center. This particular project helped the beneficiaries of the project a lot and it made me feel contented with being able to extend my technical knowledge in the service of others. In terms of knowledge transference, I was also involved in presentations on Tesco electronic channels as well as electronic commerce and ERP systems. I always feel like I am doing something important when I am able to share knowledge with other people and enable beneficiaries to appreciate the importance of technology. I am also an advocate of improved government systems as well as the enhancement of basic services. In the past years, I have completed a dissertation on E-Government, titled, â€Å"Evaluating User Acceptance of Electronic Government in Saudi Arabia†. In keeping with my advocacies, I have also written critical analyses on business comparisons for Dell and EasyJet Airlines and BMW’s recession strategy. To add to these, I have composed reports on the use of SAP in the ERP system of Porsche as well as on artificial intelligence and operating system security. All these I did in the spirit of making basic services more efficient and more user-friendly. I have also collected requirements during strategic meetings with HR and finance senior managers, built plans to improve business processes with automation, facilitated re-engineering business processes for a new ERP system implementation for finance and human resources, and created an education institute website with a team; wrote an evaluation report. On the outset, I do not consider what I have done as academic, professional, or personal achievements because I am more concerned with the changes that I am able to effect. In all these things, I had in tow my acquired excellent communication and human relations skills which I found very useful especially in explaining technological innovations to my clients and beneficiaries in very simple and understandable terms. Apart from being diligent in trying to improve myself my true passion is in seeing the changes that I effect significantly influence the organizations that I have worked for and with. My doctor’s degree will therefore help me do more of what I had already been doing and build my capacities more in my advocacy of seeing better governments and improved basic services. The ultimate beneficiaries of all these are of course the public at large who are at the end of the receiving chain. So, while pursuing a doctor’s degree is in fact a means of academic development, I view it as an opportunity for each of us to improve ourselves with the focus of improving the lives of others. At a time when technology is almost everywhere and when technology seems to be the basis for many of our daily activities, it is very important that each individual acquire a deeper and richer appreciation for technological innovations and advancements which are instrumental not only in making our lives convenient but also in raising the standard of living for society. It would be my great pride to be part of the wave of technology that is currently sweeping all over the globe. I am confident that with a doctor’s degree I would be able to leave behind a legacy of difference with all the people who have benefitted from my tutelage as well as with all those who enjoy the conveniences of technology in areas where technology was previously unheard of. My desire to pursue my doctor’s degree is done in the sincere dedication to the welfare of all and to the advancement of technology in the service of man.

How to Grow Aragonite Crystals

How to Grow Aragonite Crystals Its easy to grow aragonite crystals! These sparkly crystals only require vinegar and a rock. Growing crystals is a fun way to learn about geology and chemistry. Materials To Grow Aragonite Crystals You only need two materials for this project: Dolomite rocksHousehold vinegar Dolomite is a common mineral. It is the basis for dolomite clay, which should also work for crystals, but if you grow them on a rock you get a beautiful mineral specimen. If you use clay, you might want to include another rock or a sponge as a base or substrate to support crystal growth. You can find the rocks at a store or online or you can play rockhound and collect them yourself. How To Grow the Crystals This is one of the easiest crystal-growing projects. Basically, you just soak the rock in vinegar. However, here are a couple of tips for the best crystals: If your rock is dirty, rinse it off and let it dry.Place a rock in a small container. Ideally, it will be slightly bigger than the rock, so you dont have to use a lot of vinegar. Its okay if the rock sticks out of the top of the container.Pour vinegar around the rock. Make sure you leave an exposed space at the top. The crystals will start to grow at the liquid line.As the vinegar evaporates, aragonite crystals will start to grow. Youll start to see the first crystals in a day. Depending on temperature and humidity, you should start to see really good growth around 5 days. It may take up to 2 weeks for the vinegar to completely evaporate and produce crystals as big as possible.You can remove the rock from the liquid whenever you are satisfied with the appearance of the aragonite crystals. Handle them carefully, as they will be brittle and fragile. What Is Aragonite? Dolomite is the source of the minerals used to grow the aragonite crystals. Dolomite is a sedimentary rock often found along the shores of ancient oceans. Aragonite is a form of calcium carbonate. Aragonite is found in hot mineral springs and in some caves. Another calcium carbonate mineral is calcite. Aragonite sometimes crystallizes into calcite. Aragonite and calcite crystals are chemically identically, but aragonite forms orthorhombic crystals, while calcite displays trigonal crystals. Pearls and mother of pearl are other forms of calcium carbonate.

Free Essays on The Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence is considered one of the most important documents in world history because its effects were felt around the world and not only in its place of origin, the United States. While blacks used context from the declaration to challenge slavery in the United States, the French used its ideals to start their own revolution. The Declaration of Independence can be seen to be one of the few documents that had a profound impact on the world, and this can be easily seen because of the changes it brought forth. The Declaration of Independence was a document made by several delegates of the U.S. in 1776. It was simply made as a document that declared the independence of the 13 British colonies in America. On July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration after a few changes were made to it. Even though the Declaration’s main purpose was to declare the colonies independent, there were many other ideas the declaration addressed. There are many important abstractions in the Declaration of Independence. These abstractions such as: rights, freedom, liberty and happiness have become the foundations of American society and have helped shape the â€Å"American identity†. Power, another abstraction that reoccurs in all major parts of the Declaration plays equally important role in shaping the â€Å"American identity†. Even though power is addressed very indirectly in the declaration its existence is still valued. All of these important abstractions collectively have led to major changes in the world. A very simple phrase: â€Å"all men are created equal† which is included in the Declaration of Independence was quickly used by blacks in the U.S. to question slavery. They wondered if all men were indeed created equal then how could one man own another man. â€Å"The ideal of equity led Northern states to free slaves within their borders in the 1780s, 1790s and 1800s†. (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000). The ... Free Essays on The Declaration of Independence Free Essays on The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence Many people know famous lines from the Declaration of Independence such as â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  but what many people do not know is that these lines are the result of revisions that were made to the original Declaration. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration in June of 1776, but over a one-month period the document was revised and about eighty-six changes had been made to the original copy. Only after these changes were made did Congress accept and pass the Declaration of Independence, on July 4th of 1776, which announced and justified the separation of the 13 colonies from Great Britain. There were a number of additions, deletions, and changes of wording that were made to the document. Of these changes was the deletion of an entire passage about slavery. The passage read as follows: He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of infidel powers, is the warfare of the CHRISTIAN king of Great Britain, determined to keep open a market where MEN should be bought and sold, he has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain this execrable commerce: and that his assemblage of horrors might want no fact of distinguished die, he is now exiting those very people to rise in arms among us, and to purchase that liberty of which he has denied them, and murdering the people upon whom he also obtruded them; thus paying off former crimes committed against the liberties of one people, with crimes which he urges them to commit against the lives of ano ther. Deleting this passage from the Declaration of Independence had a ... Free Essays on The Declaration Of Independence The Declaration of Independence is considered one of the most important documents in world history because its effects were felt around the world and not only in its place of origin, the United States. While blacks used context from the declaration to challenge slavery in the United States, the French used its ideals to start their own revolution. The Declaration of Independence can be seen to be one of the few documents that had a profound impact on the world, and this can be easily seen because of the changes it brought forth. The Declaration of Independence was a document made by several delegates of the U.S. in 1776. It was simply made as a document that declared the independence of the 13 British colonies in America. On July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration after a few changes were made to it. Even though the Declaration’s main purpose was to declare the colonies independent, there were many other ideas the declaration addressed. There are many important abstractions in the Declaration of Independence. These abstractions such as: rights, freedom, liberty and happiness have become the foundations of American society and have helped shape the â€Å"American identity†. Power, another abstraction that reoccurs in all major parts of the Declaration plays equally important role in shaping the â€Å"American identity†. Even though power is addressed very indirectly in the declaration its existence is still valued. All of these important abstractions collectively have led to major changes in the world. A very simple phrase: â€Å"all men are created equal† which is included in the Declaration of Independence was quickly used by blacks in the U.S. to question slavery. They wondered if all men were indeed created equal then how could one man own another man. â€Å"The ideal of equity led Northern states to free slaves within their borders in the 1780s, 1790s and 1800s†. (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000). The ... Free Essays on The Declaration of Independence Many people know famous lines from the Declaration of Independence such as â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  but what many people do not know is that these lines are the result of revisions that were made to the original Declaration. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration in June of 1776, but over a one-month period the document was revised and about eighty-six changes had been made to the original copy. Only after these changes were made did Congress accept and pass the Declaration of Independence, on July 4th of 1776, which announced and justified the separation of the 13 colonies from Great Britain. There were a number of additions, deletions, and changes of wording that were made to the document. Of these changes was the deletion of an entire passage about slavery. The passage read as follows: He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of infidel powers, is the warfare of the CHRISTIAN king of Great Britain, determined to keep open a market where MEN should be bought and sold, he has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain this execrable commerce: and that his assemblage of horrors might want no fact of distinguished die, he is now exiting those very people to rise in arms among us, and to purchase that liberty of which he has denied them, and murdering the people upon whom he also obtruded them; thus paying off former crimes committed against the liberties of one people, with crimes which he urges them to commit against the lives of ano ther. Deleting this passage from the Declaration of Independence had a great impact on United States histo...

The French-Indian War in America

The French-Indian War in America The French-Indian War was fought between Britain and  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹France, along with their respective colonists and allied Indian groups, for control of land in North America. Occurring from 1754 to 1763, it helped trigger – and then formed part of ​the Seven Years War. It has also been called the fourth French-Indian war, because of three other early struggles involving Britain, France, and Indians. Historian Fred Anderson has called it the â€Å"most important event in eighteenth-century North America†. (Anderson, ​​The Crucible of War, p. xv).​ Note Recent histories, such as Anderson and Marston, still refer to the native peoples as ‘Indians’ and this article has followed suit. No disrespect is intended. Origins The age of European overseas conquest had left Britain and France with ​territory in North America. Britain had the ‘Thirteen Colonies’, plus Nova Scotia, while France ruled a vast area named ‘New France’. Both had frontiers which pushed against each other. There had been several wars between the two empires in the years preceding the French-Indian war – King William’s War of 1689–97, Queen Anne’s War of 1702-13 and  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹King George’s War of 1744 – 48, all American aspects of European wars – and tensions remained. By 1754 Britain controlled nearly one and a half million colonists, France around only 75,000 and expansion was pushing the two closer together, increasing the stress. The essential argument behind the war was which nation would dominate the area? In the 1750s tensions rose, especially in the Ohio River Valley and Nova Scotia. In the latter, where both sides claimed large areas, the French had built what the British considered illegal forts and had worked to incite French-speaking colonists to insurrection against their British rulers. The Ohio River Valley The Ohio River Valley was considered a rich source for the colonists and strategically vital because the French needed it for effective communications between the two halves of their American empire. As Iroquois influence in the region declined, Britain tried to use it for trade, but France began building forts and evicting the British. In 1754 Britain decided to build a fort at the forks of the river Ohio, and they sent a 23-year-old Lieutenant Colonel of the Virginian militia with a force to protect it. He was George Washington. French forces seized the fort before Washington arrived, but he carried on, ambushing a French detachment, killing French Ensign Jumonville. After trying to fortify and receiving limited reinforcements, Washington was defeated by a French and Indian attack led by Jumonville’s brother and had to retreat out of the valley. Britain responded to this failure by sending regular troops to the thirteen colonies to supplement their own forces and, while a formal declaration didn’t happen until 1756, war had begun. British Reverses, British Victory Fighting took place around the Ohio River Valley and Pennsylvania, around New York and Lakes George and Champlain, and in Canada around Nova Scotia, Quebec and Cape Breton. (Marston, The French Indian War, p. 27). Both sides used regular troops from Europe, colonial forces, and Indians. Britain initially fared badly, despite having many more colonists on the ground. French forces showed a much better understanding of the type of warfare North America required, where the heavily forested regions favored irregular/light troops, although French commander Montcalm was skeptical of non-European methods, but used them out of necessity. Britain adapted as the war progressed, lessons from early defeats leading to reforms. Britain was helped by the leadership of William Pitt, who further prioritized the war in America when France began to focus resources on war in Europe, trying for targets in the Old World to use as bargaining chips in the New. Pitt also gave some autonomy back to the colonists and began to treat them on an equal footing, which increased their co-operation. The British could marshal superior resources against a France wracked with financial problems, and the British navy mounted successful blockades and, after the Battle of Quiberon Bay on November 20th, 1759, shattered France’s ability to operate in the Atlantic. Growing British success and a handful of canny negotiators, who managed to deal with the Indians on a neutral footing despite the prejudices of the British command, lead to Indians siding with the British. Victories were won, including the Battle of the Plains of Abraham where the commanders of both sides – the British Wolfe and the French Montcalm – were killed, and France defeated. The Treaty of Paris The French Indian War effectively ended with the surrender of Montreal in 1760, but warfare elsewhere in the world prevented a peace treaty being signed until 1763. This was the Treaty of Paris between Britain, France, and Spain. France handed over all its North American territory east of the Mississippi, including the Ohio River Valley, and Canada. Meanwhile, France also had to give the Louisiana territory and New Orleans to Spain, who gave Britain Florida, in return for getting Havana back. There was opposition to this treaty in Britain, with groups wanting the West Indies sugar trade from France rather than Canada. Meanwhile, Indian anger over British actions in post-war America led to an uprising called Pontiac’s Rebellion. Consequences Britain, by any count, won the French-Indian war. But in doing so it had altered and further pressurized its relationship with its colonists, with tensions arising from the numbers of troops Britain had tried to call upon during the war, as well as the reimbursement of war costs and the way Britain handled the whole affair. In addition, Britain had incurred greater yearly expenditure on garrisoning an enlarged area, and it tried to recoup some of these debts by greater taxes on the colonists. Within twelve years the Anglo-Colonist relationship had collapsed to the point where the colonists rebelled and, aided by a France eager to upset its great rival once more, fought the American War of Independence. The colonists, in particular, had gained great experience of fighting in America.

Economic Development of Japan after World War II Essay

Economic Development of Japan after World War II - Essay Example This essay presents a comprehensive historical analysis of the reasons behind the Japanese post-war economic miracle. Japan was among the few countries that suffered the brunt of the Second World War. The atomic bombs that hit Japan’s cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki did not just leave rubbles but also typified the effect of the war in the country. Nevertheless, after the war, Japan experienced a rapid economic boom. Soon after the war, the Japanese government implemented effective foreign relation policies, which enhanced the country’s interaction with various countries. Key among the countries was the United States. The expenses of the war threatened to cripple the economy of Japan. The post war inflation coupled with its inherent unemployment threatened the stability of the country. However, the United States formed friendly ties with the country by setting base in the country with the view to maintaining the spreading influence of the Soviet Union. The US provided the country with colossal amounts of money to help it restock and reinforce its military thus protect its borders from the Korean aggression. The money revamped economic activity in the country as the country made large-scale purchase of military equipment from both local and foreign companies. Such government spending enhanced the liquidity of the economy thus cushioning the country from the post war inflation. The US facilitated the inclusion of Japan into the GATT though as a temporary member, which enhanced its relationship with other western countries.

Thatchers concept organizational rhetoric and the use of corporate we Essay

Thatchers concept organizational rhetoric and the use of corporate we on remarks on the passing of Ronald Reagan successfully demonstrated the significance o - Essay Example Thatcher also states that "We live today in the world that Ronald Reagan began to reshape with those words." She uses the decentering of self to illustrate the importance of Reagan to the people. Thatcher's use of Aristotelian proof and "corporate we" in her speech successfully demonstrated the significance of Reagan in every American's life. In the entire speech from Thatcher she states that with ending the Cold War as the big success and achievement from Reagan, you read between the lines that it also ended Communism. The fear for Communism itself however goes back in time right after WW II. The US represented the Capital West and the Soviet Union was the leading superpower of the Communist East. The roots where made are not easy to be changed in acceptance from both parties. The historical importance of the summits between the both parties formed the basic to a new world where the tension between the Capital West and the Communist East was ceased. Ronald Reagan did, in fact, brought the United States of America to the end of the most difficult period in our modern times. Thatcher is right when she states in her speech (2004) that Reagan had an outstanding sense of humor and ability in creating friendships with almost anybody. He turned our Cold War enemy, the soviets, into our friend. Thatcher shows that Reagan took u s out of our most difficult time and reestablished our economics. He also turned our enemy into allies. These show the effective use of logos under the Aristotelian proofs. On the remarks of the passing of Ronald Reagan the conclusion to be made is that Reagan was President at the right time and his personal character made it happen that both parties started to negotiate. Reagan was open minded. New York Times (2004) It was Mr. Reagan's good fortune that during his time in office the Soviet Union was undergoing profound change, eventually to collapse, setting off a spirited debate over Mr. Reagan's role in ending the cold war. His supporters argued that his tough policies were the coup de grace and his detractors attributed the end to the accumulated influence of 45 years of the American policy of containment. But wherever the credit was due, the thaw came on his watch. Gorbachev explains all this in the Washington Post (2004) But if he had warm, appreciative words for Reagan, Gorbachev brusquely dismissed the suggestion that Reagan had intimidated either him or the Soviet Union, or forced them to make concessions. Was it accurate to say that Reagan won the Cold War "That's not serious," Gorbachev said, using the same words several times. "I think we all lost the Cold War, particularly the Soviet Union. We each lost $10 trillion," he said, referring to the money Russians and Americans spent on an arms race that lasted more than four decades. "We only won when the Cold War ended." The fact that President Reagan's intelligent has greatly affected the United States of America. Thatcher states that "Ronald Reagan knew his own mind. He had firm principles and, I believe, right ones. He expounded them clearly. He acted upon them decisively. When the world threw problems at the White House, he was not baffled or disorientated or overwhelmed." These examples demonstrated the effective the use of ethos under the Aristotelian proof which made the speech successful. In Thatcher's speech, she didn't only use the

Study on the cost management of construction project during Essay

Study on the cost management of construction project during construction phrase - Essay Example ty of managing costs in construction projects is undeniable since all projects are limited by resources which includes the money to be spent for the project. As such, construction cost management is very significant in the construction industry. In this regard, construction costs is understood as the expense incurred by a contractor for labor, material, equipment, financing, inflation, contingency, plus overheads and contractors profit. Being such, the role of construction costs in the project in particular and in the construction industry in general is of primary significance. Thus, studies and development of theories that will enable the contractors, experts and scholars further understand the concept are continuously undertaken. In this regard, they have come up with the different types of costs namely, earned value cost, actual cost and cost budget all of which intends to guide the user as to what is the standing of the costs of the project from the beginning until the end. These different types of costs involve the following elements: labour, material, equipments, financing, contingency, overheads and others like VAT. Moreover, cost is affected by the following: project duration, project schedule change, resources consumption, price fluctuation, project quality, inflation, project scope, rework, worker injuries, delivery approach, and management practise. The numerous factors that affect construction costs make the nature of construction costs unique, dynamic and undeniably complex. As such, several theories are proffered in order to elucidate and direct the management regarding the control of costs. These are: earned value analysis, life cycle costing analysis, and value engineering. However, it should b e noted that as the concern regarding costs pervades the entire project, there is a necessity to focus only on certain aspects of costs in the project so as not to conflate the discussion. And as mentioned , the entire project zeroes in on construction

Letters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letters - Essay Example This draws reference to the way they have mistreated the Negro population at the time they pray. Freedom has been denied and this is what disappoints King. Ethical argument: By informing his audience that he is not unmindful of the fact that a number of them have taken steps in handling the issue amicably, he implies that he is sensitive. This wins the clergymen’s love after he has admonished their poor leadership. He finds it important to appreciate the efforts sop far involved so that they can keep on improving. King decides to speak this way after realizing that most black people were being discriminated in church matters and therefore it is imperative that this kind of attitude is discouraged among the clergymen. The church essentially should unit people. Their grievances were not being put forward. He realized that demonstrations had increased among the African American populace following the bad treatment they received from other white people in the United States of

Nutrition(Diet plans) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nutrition(Diet plans) - Essay Example In the mouth, food is chewed and the process is called mastication or chewing process. Mastication is the foremost stage of digestion, and it upsurges the surface area of foodstuffs to allow the more efficient breakdown of enzymes. Inside the oral cavity there are numerous accessory glands that help in the digestion of food, they are - the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands. The teeth are small and hard organs that are located along the anterior and lateral edges of the oral cavity and are 32 in number. They help in cutting and grinding the food into smaller pieces. The tongue is situated medial to the teeth and on the inferior portion of the oral cavity. It assists to push the food to the posterior part of the oral cavity for swallowing. Finally, the salivary glands are vital organs that produce saliva that is a watery secretion. There are three sets of salivary glands surrounding the oral cavity and the watery secretion they produce assists to moisturise the food and starts the digestion of carbohydrates (Gray 2004). Chewing is an important step in the process of digestion and this process might be impaired if one does not chew properly or eats too quickly. Chewing or Mastication breaks up food into pieces that are more manageable and upsurges the surface area and also mixes with saliva. The saliva breaks down the carbohydrates present in the meal and the fats are broken down by lingual lipase. Therefore, if one consumes food hastily then he or she will have indigestion. In addition, apart from the enzymes present in the saliva, there are antibacterial agents like peroxidase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin A, and a substance known as epidermal growth factor (EGF), which might assist to heal the inflamed intestinal tissues. And if someone had been swallowing without chewing and eating hastily then there is a reasonable chance of some inflammation to occur someplace in the gastrointestinal tract. The oesophagus

Letters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letters - Essay Example This draws reference to the way they have mistreated the Negro population at the time they pray. Freedom has been denied and this is what disappoints King. Ethical argument: By informing his audience that he is not unmindful of the fact that a number of them have taken steps in handling the issue amicably, he implies that he is sensitive. This wins the clergymen’s love after he has admonished their poor leadership. He finds it important to appreciate the efforts sop far involved so that they can keep on improving. King decides to speak this way after realizing that most black people were being discriminated in church matters and therefore it is imperative that this kind of attitude is discouraged among the clergymen. The church essentially should unit people. Their grievances were not being put forward. He realized that demonstrations had increased among the African American populace following the bad treatment they received from other white people in the United States of

The Strength of Harley Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Strength of Harley Company - Essay Example SWOT Analysis; is another framework that can be used in external analysis and it looks at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the market. These factors are used for determining the growth or decline of the market, the position of the business, direction, and potential for operations. The strength of Harley Company included customer loyalty and good reputation that they enjoyed in the local market, the dominance of super heavyweight motorcycle segment, state of art technological equipment for production, excellent workforce due to good treatment of employees and good strategies and organizational leadership. And the main threat was competition which was very stiff in the motorcycle market as well as an entrant of cheap products into the market. This analysis shows that Harley was in a greater position of making use of its opportunities and strengths to create strategies that would help it improve sales and gain a competitive advantage over its competitors. The creation of Harley Owners Group further saw an improved and close relationship between the company and the consumers because they were involved in social and charity events in the community. This delivered an atmosphere and the kind of emotions where the consumers felt an experience like they had never felt before linking with the Harley-Davidson Company. This help the company improved its sales and gain customer loyalty as well as competitive advantage in the market. Traditionally the majority of Harley consumers were blue-collar men aged the 20s and 30s but the demographic profile shifted and in 2002 the age group rose up from 30s to 40s. The company also recorded a 9% increase in female consumers down from 2 percent in 1987. The introduction of baby boomers into the market also improved their sales and as the prices rose up, the middle-aged professionals became the demographic targets and as they were the most attractive for the company.

Misuses of Statistics Essay Example for Free

Misuses of Statistics Essay While Statistics can also be misused in many ways such as using not representative samples, small sample size, ambiguous averages and dispersions, detached facts, implied connections, wrong and misleading graphs, wrong use of statistical techniques, serious violation of assumption behind the statistical techniques and faculty surveys, we should also realize that Statistical literacy is not a skill that is widely accepted as necessary in education. Therefore a lot of misuse of statistics is not intentional, just uninformed. But that does not mitigate its danger when misused because Statistical techniques are many times misused, to sell products that don’t work; to prove something that is not really true, to get the attention of public by evoking fear and shock. Statistics has numerous uses. It is difficult to find a field in which statistics is not used. Statistics plays integral part in many disciplines, and do not take reported relationships at their face value, especially if you cannot see a direct, causal link between them. There may be a common-sense reason why they are linked through a third, unreported variable or other intended or unintended connections. Going through exercises 1 through 10 on page 810, I decided to do exercise number 4. The question reads â€Å"In many ads for weigh loss products, under the product claim and in small print, the following statement is made: â€Å"These results are not typical.† What does this say about the product being advertised?† It is intriguing but rather serious when media plays with our emotion just to get our attention in whatever ways they can. Both print and electronic media have created a means of satisfying our emotional instabilities by coming up with advertisements that will capture our attentions. Weigh loss products and program are few of the many that have been bombarding the airwaves. Many at times I pondered when watching television or listening to radio commercial, whether these are really delivering what they are saying that can. I have deliberately changed my channels when I am watching television and a commercial come on the television. In this assignment, I am going to synthesized question number 4. I am going to keenly look the small prints that say â€Å"These results are not typical† What does this say about the product being advertised? I think there are two sides to this, one is the legal obligations that they will be face with if they fail what they promised, the other is nothing is typical. What works for you might not work for me. We are all different and unique in our own ways. We all have different method of losing weight. What might work for one person is not necessarily going to work for you, what you arent guaranteed is to lose what that that person lost in the ads. They are only giving us the best results they have gotten from their products and it does not mean that it might work for you or me. There is no 100% guarantee in this process. The next question that I am going to comment will be number 16. â€Å"Do you think that it is not important to give extra tutoring to students who are not failing?† To answer this question in a survey, you must understand what they are asking for. This is very confusion question. Double negative can be confusing, which might lead to an incorrect response. I think because each student is different, each should be given opportunity to explore whatever opportunity that is available to them to excel in their school work at their own pace, regardless of who they are in your class. As we have seen from above, ads might be exactly how they are presented to us. I think every ad should be research before venturing into it. This ads and the survey are known as detached statistic ads, which mean there was no comparison made. As we can see from the two different set, there were no comparisons in either one of them. Indeed, while Statistics can also be misused in many ways such as using not representative samples, small sample size, ambiguous averages and dispersions, detached facts, implied connections, wrong and misleading graphs, wrong use of statistical techniques, serious violation of assumption behind the statistical techniques and faculty surveys. Therefore a lot of misuse of statistics is not intentional, just uninformed. But that does not mitigate its danger when misused. Hence we should be very careful in our decision making process as what to believe it References Bluman, A. G. (2011). Mathematics in our world (1st ed. Ashford University Custom). United States: McGraw-Hill.

Characteristics Of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycles Engineering Essay

Characteristics Of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycles Engineering Essay This project is a study on a performance of a Vapor Compression Refrigeration System VCRC. The performance of this type of refrigeration system is being investigated by using different type of expansion valves or also known as throttling valves. I am using three types of valves upon conducting this study which are thermostatic expansion valve, capillary tube expansion valve and constant-pressure expansion valve. Performance of refrigeration systems will be investigated on two kind of surrounding which are closed and open surrounding. A light bulb will act as a heating load which will increase the inlet temperature of air on evaporation. This project also discuss about the ideal application of each type of expansion valves. Which mean, where, when and what application the three types of expansion valves should be used for a better result. Refrigeration is the action of cooling, and in practices this requires removal of heat and discarding it at higher temperature. Therefore, refrigeration is a science of moving heat from low temperature region to the high temperature region. Refrigeration can be defined as a process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below that of the surroundings, with the aim to cool some product or space to the required temperature. The most important applications of refrigeration are the preservation of perishable food products. Refrigeration systems also used for providing thermal comfort to human beings by using air conditioning. Air Conditioning refers to the treatment of air so as to simultaneously control its temperature, moisture content, cleanliness, odor and circulation, as required by occupants, a process, or products in the space. The subject of refrigeration and air conditioning has evolved out of human need for food and comfort, and its history dates back to centuries. In refrigeration system, heat must be removed from the space area specifically the goods or matter we need to cool and released to the environment. Nature of heat movement is, heat always moves from the hotter to the colder space. To transfer heat from hot region to cold region, special device is required. The device is called Refrigerator. Refrigerator is a cyclic device and it is using a fluid called refrigerant as a working fluid. As known there are two common methods for refrigeration which are natural and mechanical. In natural refrigeration, ice is used to generate a circulation of air around the blocks of ice. Therefore some of the heat from the circulating air is transferred to the ice thus cooling the air. This method particularly used in air conditioning application. As in mechanical refrigeration, refrigerant is used as a working fluid. Refrigerant is a substance that is capable to transfer heat that it absorbs at low temperatures and pressures to a condensing medium. Refrigerator is an example of mechanical refrigeration. In a refrigerator, coolant is cooled in a condenser; from there it flow to the evaporator, where air is cooled by contact with the coil. Figure : Example of Refrigerator [ ©2006 Publications International, Ltd.] Types of refrigeration cycle Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Vapor compression refrigeration system is the most common refrigeration system used nowadays. In vapor compression refrigeration cycle (VCRC), there are four major thermal process take place which is expansion, evaporation, compression and condensation. In all practical applications, the actual VCRC is lower than the ideal cycle. This caused by several factors such as friction losses, heat exchanges between parts on the system and pressure drops in suction and discharge lines. http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT-X7cy0Nn5FpUh23SVRaPzAFG_o0lp2WxOEMmReUZSPjiYERUt=1usg=__BGAiwbpSspuI0lSI-ZibGb3mh0Q= Figure : Single stage VCRC [The Full wiki/ refrigeration cycle] Based on Figure 2, compression process is done on compressor followed by condensation process on condenser, expansion process on expansion valve and lastly evaporation process on evaporator. Compression Process on Compressor Low-pressure vapor of refrigerant enters the compressor and then being compressed and moved to condenser as a high-pressure vapor (superheated). Condensation Process on Condenser The superheated vapor of refrigerant is then travels through the condenser  which first cools and removes the superheat and then condenses the vapor refrigerant into a liquid refrigerant by removing additional heat at constant pressure and temperature. Expansion Process on expansion Valve The liquid refrigerant is then goes through the  expansion valve  which is also known as throttling valve where its pressure will abruptly decreases, causing  flash evaporation  and auto-refrigeration of, typically, less than half of the liquid. By undergoing expansion process, mixture of liquid and vapor refrigerant is produced at low temperature and pressure. Evaporation Process on Evaporator The cold liquid-vapor refrigerant is then travels through the evaporator coil or tubes and it is completely vaporized by cooling the warm air (from the space being refrigerated) and being blown by a fan across the evaporator coil or tubes. The resulting refrigerant vapor returns to the compressor inlet to complete the thermodynamic cycle. Vapor compression refrigeration system using high-grade energy such as mechanical work. It has more noise and wear is possible to occur in the compressor since moving parts is placed there. Coefficient of performance, COP of VCRC will decrease if the pressure of the evaporator decreases. Performance of VCRC is adversely affected at partial load. Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System  uses a heat source such as solar and kerosene-fueled flame to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling system. Vapor absorption Refrigeration system is a popular alternative to regular  compressor refrigerators  where electricity is unreliable, costly, or unavailable, where noise from the compressor is problematic, or where surplus heat is available such as from turbine exhaust or industrial processes. Absorption refrigerators powered by heat from the  combustion  of  liquefied petroleum gas  are often used for food storage in  recreational vehicles. There are two type of vapor absorption refrigeration system that is single-effect and double effect. Single-effect absorption system is using neither ammonia or water while double-effect absorption system uses lithium bromide or water. Since the presence of ammonia or lithium bromide directly into a confined space which is full of human is dangerous, vapor absorption system which used this material should be placed outside the building to be cooled. However, vapor absorption that using ammonia or lithium bromide is not practical to be used on a building since it is impossible to pipe this material into the building. Therefore all absorption cycle equipment is then designed to chill water which is then piped into the building. The chilled water is piped through to fan coil units in each of the conditioned spaces. The application of vapor absorption system using water is therefore well suited to multiple room systems or large spaces requiring air conditioning. This is because absorption chillers are a well-established technology that can offer considerable advantages over conventional, mechanically driven, vapor compression chillers.   Absorption cycle is using a fluid pair rather than using a mechanically driven or an electrically powered compressor to be function. The absorption cooling cycle is driven by the heat source, such as gas burner, steam or hot water. This heat source is used to boil and drive the refrigerant out of the refrigerant/absorbent mixture. This mixture is normally termed solution.   The refrigerant is then going through a condenser to remove the latent heat of condensation, thus returning the refrigerant into liquid form. The refrigerant is then passed to the evaporator where evaporation process draws heat from the recirculating chilled water. The resulting vapor from the evaporator is attracted and absorbed by the absorbent solution to complete the cycle. In effect, the mechanical compressor of a conventional vapor compression cycle has been substituted with a chemical pump driven by heat. http://www.acr-news.com/news/images/651_2.jpg Figure : Single Effect Absorption Cooling [ ACR News ] Steam Jet Refrigeration system Steam Jet Refrigeration system is using the principle of liquids flashing under vacuum in a chamber. If the flash vapor removed from the chamber, the liquid will cool to the required temperature. In practice, more than one cooling stage is usually present. Steam Jet Refrigeration system will become more economical when both steam and cooling water is readily available. Steam jet refrigeration system working start with the steam passed through a  vacuum ejector  of high efficiency to exhaust a separate, closed vessel which forms part of a cooling water circuit. The partial vacuum in the vessel causes some of the water to evaporate, thus giving up heat through  evaporative cooling. The chilled water is pumped through the circuit to air coolers, while the evaporated water from the ejector is recovered in separate  condensers  and returned to the cooling circuit. In  steam jet refrigeration systems, water can be used as the refrigerant. Water is perfectly safe for human. These kinds of systems were applied successfully to refrigeration in the early years of century. At low temperatures the saturation pressures are low (0.008129 bar at 4 °C) and the specific volumes are high (157.3 m3/kg at 4 °C). The temperatures that can be attained using water as a refrigerant are not low enough for most refrigeration applications but are in the range which may satisfy air conditioning, cooling, or chilling requirements. These systems also used in some chemical industries for several processes, such as the removal of paraffin wax from lubricating oils. The application of steam jet refrigeration system also including cooling a hot corrosive liquid efficiently to any desired temperature and the cooling of fruit juices instantaneously.Note that a steam jet refrigeration system is not suitable to be used when the required temperatures are below 5 °C. Steam jet refrigeration systems use steam ejectors to reduce the pressure in a tank containing the return water from a chilled water system. The steam jet ejector utilizes the energy of a fast-moving jet of steam to capture the flash tank vapor and compress it. Flashing a portion of the water in the tank reduces the liquid temperature. High-pressure steam expands while flowing through the nozzle 1. The expansion causes a drop in pressure and an enormous increase in velocity. Due to the high velocity, flash vapor from the tank is drawn into the swiftly moving steam and the mixture enters the diffuser. The velocity is gradually reduced in the diffuser but the pressure of the steam at the condenser is increased 5-10 times more than that at the entrance of the diffuser (e.g. from 0.01 bar to 0.07 bar). The main advantages of this system are the utilization of mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work. Using Steam Jet refrigeration system will required negligible maintenance and a plant can be fabricated in any suitable material of construction. In steam jet refrigeration system, there is no moving part involved. http://www.siit.tu.ac.th/image/4ref.jpg Figure : Steam Jet Refrigeration System [Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University] Thermoelectric Refrigeration System An effect of refrigeration can also be achieved without using any moving parts. This is done by simply passing a small current through a closed circuit which is made up from two dissimilar metals. This type of effect is called the Peltier effect, and a refrigerator which is works using this kind of principle is called a thermoelectric refrigerator. The thermoelectric device is like the conventional thermocouple. It is using two dissimilar materials as a medium to transfer heat from one another. In a thermoelectric refrigerator, there are two junction between the two different metals used. One junction is placed in the refrigerated space and the other one is placed in the ambient surrounding. The temperature of the junction which is located in the refrigerated space will decrease when the current passed through and create a potential difference. An opposite effect will occur on the other junction. Under steady-state operating conditions, heat is transferred from the refrigerated space to the cold junction. The other junction will be at a temperature above the ambient, and heat will be transferred from the junction to the surroundings. http://china-heatpipe.net/up_files/image/2008-4-24/826639119.jpg Figure : Thermoelectric Refrigeration Effect The thermoelectric refrigeration effect are too expensive for a normal domestic and commercial applications which are run only on using a regular household current. This concept normally suited to recreational applications due to the weight of thermoelectric refrigerator which is light, compact and it is also insensitive to motion or tilting. This type of refrigerator also has no moving parts, and can operate directly from 12-volt batteries. Using thermoelectric refrigerator will give a advantages to the food and beverages. It will keep the food and beverages cold and dry. There also no wasted space for ice. The advantages of thermoelectric refrigeration system include; Compact size Very little space is required by the cooling system. Lightweight Can be carried with one hand Cheap Use Low Battery to be function. Comparison between refrigeration system Feature Refrigeration System Compression Absorption Steam Jet Principle of cooling Vaporizing a Refrigerant Vaporizing an Ammonia gas Source of Energy Mechanical work Heat Compactness Weight Portability Heavy Must be kept level within 2-3 degrees Price Battery Drain Draw more current when running 6.5-7.5 amp Cooling Performance Most efficient in hot weather Less efficient at high ambient Freezing Ice cubes in hot weather excellent Not practical Safety Leaking of refrigerant Leaking of refrigerant Reliability Exposed to wear and may require expert servicing from time to time Service Maintenance Required trained mechanics and special service equipment Components on Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle Vapour compression refrigeration system consist of several mechanical components that helps the systems to be function. Four major components on vapour compression refrigeration system include compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator. In selection of any components on refrigeration system, there are many factors that we need to consider very carefully, that is: Maintaining total refrigeration availability while the load varies from 0% to 100% Frost control for continuous performance application. Variation in affinity of oil for refrigerant caused by large temperature changes, and oil migration outside the compressor crankcase. Selection of cooling medium. Direct expansion refrigerant Gravity or pump recirculated or flooded refrigerant. Secondary coolan (e.g. brines, salts and glycol) System efficiency and maintainability Type of condenser Air Water Evaporatively cooled Design of the compressor Open Hermetic Semihermetic motor drive Reciprocating Screw Rotary Type of system Single stage Single economized Compound or cascade arrangement Selection of refrigerant. Type of refrigerant basically chosen based on operating temperature and pressure. Compressor Compressor is one of the major components on refrigeration system. There are two main functions of compressors in the refrigeration cycle. The first one is to pump the refrigerant vapour from the evaporator so that the desired temperature and pressure can be maintained in the evaporator. The second function is to increase the pressure of the refrigerant vapour through the process of compression, and simultaneously increase the temperature of the refrigerant vapour. Therefore the pressure will change and make the superheated refrigerant flows through the systems. Compressor also known as the heart of the vapour compression refrigeration system because it is supplied energies to run the system. Compressor can be divided into two main categories which are displacement compressors and dynamics compressors. Both displacement and dynamics compressors can be hermetic, semi hermetic or open types. Both compressors also pumps refrigerant throughout the systems and produce substantial increase in the pressure of the refrigerant. Displacement Compressors These types of compressors used a shaft work to increase the refrigerant pressure by reducing the compression volume in the chamber. Reciprocating compressors, vane (rotary) compressors and helical rotary (scroll) compressors are including in a group of displacement compressors. Reciprocating compressors compress the refrigerant gas only on forward stroke. A piston is build to be single acting in a large capacity range up to hundreds of kilowatts. Condenser Expansion Valve Evaporator Refrigeration Cycle Expansion valve selection Thermostatic Expansion valve Capillary Tube Expansion valve Constant-pressure Expansion valve Refrigerant Types of refrigerant Characteristics of refrigerants Selection of refrigerant Performance of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY Introduction Background of Study Parameters Involved Equipments and Apparatus set up Standard Operating Procedure CHAPTER 5: RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFFERENCES

Sensationalism - Sensation Novels of the Nineteenth Century Essay

Sensationalism - Sensation Novels of the Nineteenth Century The "sensation novels"  began to appear during the mid-to-late 1800's.   The term first used by W. M. Thackeray, in his own Cornhill Magazine, was in reference to "a particular literary or dramatic phenomenon."  Ã‚   Courtroom scenes, corpses, secrets, adultery, insanity and prostitution were all staples of the novel's plot that would offer the many unexpected twists and turns of the story.   The author's goal was to have the reader feel basic sensations-shock, disbelief, horror, suspense, sexual excitement, and fear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several reasons why sensation novels became so popular with Victorian society, and especially women, during this time period.   Urbanization and industrialization were changing the face of the countryside by creating more and more big cities.   This type of   novel was a welcomed escape from the emergence of industry and capitalism in England and America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though the times were changing, women were still expected to be subservient to men.   They did not enjoy the freedom to vote or to own property.   Because it is the Victorian era, they are still expected to control their emotions in front of men and to be supportive at all times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As women started to shun this role, it was reflected in the sensation novel.   The female became a strong character in these books.  Ã‚   Female sexuality was used to show strength, rebelliousness and evil.   They were often portrayed as seductresses and villains who would be punished by the ending of the book.   Females were no longer the victim waiting to be rescued.   The sensation novel reversed male and female roles with the man many times being victimized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These novels with thei... ...the strong female characters, his name was associated with both the male and female groups of authors. Sources Law, Graham.   Serializing Fiction in the Victorian Press.   London:   Palgrave, 2000. Hughes, Winifred.   The Maniac in the Cellar.   New Jersey:   Princeton University Press, 1980. Miller, D.A.   The Novel and the Police.   Los Angeles:   University of California Press, 1988. Boyle, Thomas.   Black Swine in the Sewers of Hampstead.   New York:   Viking Penguin, 1989. James, Henry.   Notes and Reviews.   Cambridge:   Dunster House, 1921. Gaskell, Elizabeth.   Mary Barton.   Oxford:   Oxford University Press, 1987. Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism, Vol. 80. Mansel, Henry. "Sensations Novels." Quarterly Review 113 (April 1863):   251-68.    Websites http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/english/Clayton/318biblio.htm http://www.indiana.edu/~victoria/

Early Adulthood Observation

Adrienne Lindsey PSYC 2314. 01 Early Adulthood Observation Observation Date: Wednesday, March 27, 2013 Time: 5:00-8:00PM Location: Adults Home OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS Q was a 19 year old black male. He was in the Erickson’s intimacy vs. isolation stage. Areas of observation include physical, cognitive, and social/emotional development. Physical Development Q has reached maximum body growth and biological aging or senescence has begun. Biological ageing is â€Å"genetically influenced declines in the functioning of organs and systems that are universal in all members of our species† (Berk, 2010, p. 32). Q exercises daily but he admits that he doesn’t eat a healthy diet all the time. â€Å"Regular moderate to vigorous exercise predicts a healthier longer life† (Berk, 2010, p. 443). Also, â€Å"when too much saturated fat is consumed, some of it is converted to cholesterol, which accumulates as plaque on the arterial walls in atherosclerosis† (Berk, 2010, p. 441). Q was stressing about getting into college, helping his mother with bills, and finding a job.This is psychological development, â€Å"chronic stress resulting from economic hardships is linked to hypertension, which contributes to the high incidence of heart disease in low-income groups, especially African-Americans† (Berk, 2010, p. 450). Cognitive Development Q has not entered college yet but he knows that it is something he has to do in order to get a good paying job. Study shows that â€Å"about 20 percent of recent high school graduates who do not continue their education are unemployed† (Berk, 2010, p. 58). Asked Q what he wanting to do with his life he said he wants to go to art school and become a graphic designer. Realistic period is a vocational development when young adults start to narrow their options first by exploring and then by crystallizing their focus on a single occupation (Berk, 2010, p. 456). This also shows that he is an artistic pe rson a personality type that affects vocational choice (Berk, 2010, p. 456). Social/Emotional Development Q said that he was too young to settle with one woman.This is an example of Erickson’s theory intimacy vs. isolation, intimacy being the positive and failing to find it leading to loneliness and self-absorption (Berk, 2010, p. 468). Q was stress about getting into college because some of his close friends have already entered college. Due to â€Å"changing in society from one generation to another can effect life course, the social clock, age graded expectations for major life events can have a psychological strain when behind in timing of life events† (Berk, 2010, p. 71). Q has a close relationship with his brother, who is two years younger than him; he remembers having good times with him. This is also an example of Erickson’s theory intimacy vs. isolation showing that â€Å"intimacy can also be satisfied through other relationships† (Berk, 2010, p. 472). IMPORTANCE INFORMATION LEARNED In my observation, I realize that some low SES families do not lack the importance of education, but just don’t have the resource they need to achieve what needs to be done.Maybe this country needs to be more like Germany and give young adults the opportunity to get the skills they need to become successful adults. The day after my observation with Q, I took it upon myself to help him fill out an application for student aid. Hopefully this will give him the push he needs to go to college and fulfill his life goals/dreams. With him being the oldest of five children it will be something positive for his younger siblings. References Berk, L. E. (2010). Development through the lifespan, 5th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Monorail Thesis

CONTENTS * INTRODUCTION * OBJECTIVE * SCOPE OF STUDY * NEED OF STUDY * METHEDOLOGY * LITERATURE REVIEW * CASE STUDY * CONCLUSION * BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Why Monorail? Monorails are the cheapest way of adding grade-separated, high-capacity public transport over the gridlock on the ground. They are also totally independent of existing tram, train and bus systems. 1. 1. 1 Monorails are proven. Many monorail systems are in use as high-capacity public transport systems carrying thousands of passengers a day – especially in Japan 1. 1. 2 Monorails are safe.Being totally grade-separated monorails are one of the safest forms of transport. 1. 1. 3 Monorails are environmentally friendly. Monorails have similar energy-efficiency to other mass-transit systems. They are far less energy-intensive to build than a rail subway while having a far lower footprint than surface rail. Monorails can be installed with a minimum of disruption on the ground and have a lower visual impact than other types of elevated rail systems. Monorails can travel at over 80km/h providing an excellent alternative to cars in crowded cities. 1. 1. 4 Monorails are cost effective.Retrofitting a subway to a crowded city is usually prohibitively expensive. Great uncertainties usually exist as to the full cost of dealing with the myriad underground services (sewers, storm water, mains water, electricity & gas. ) as well as geological challenges such as rock and mud. Often subway systems are below sea-level creating many expensive and time-consuming challenges during construction and maintenance. 1. 15 Monorails are quick to build. The monorails proposed here could be built in time for the 2014 election. Monorails Cost Less Monorail systems cost about 5 to 10% per kilometre of a subway system.Construction risks are less with Monorail system due to the ease of above-ground construction. * It is one of the urban rapid transit system. * Mono rail is a rail-based transportation system based on a single rail. * In this vehicle bodies are connected to the beam allowing curves to be negotiated. * Faster transportation. * Cheaper as compared to metro. Disabled Access The Monorail system can be accessed by lift from street level. As lift floor, platform floor and monorail car floors are at the same level there is no impediment to the disabled person using a Monorail system.Hitachi's vehicles are also able to accept a walkway to evacuate disabled passengers between monorail trains should a monorail become stranded between stations. Operation Ideally the Monorail would use the new myki system. It could be operated by Metro, Yarra Trams or some other body. Hitachi monorail trains can be fully or partially automated. If partially automated an operator would close the doors and then the train's computer would drive the monorail to the next station as is done for London's Dockland Light Rail. StationsStations can be built into existing buildings increasing the value of the buildi ng. Minor stations could have a smaller footprint if they use multiple lifts rather than escalators. Stairs should also be provided for the athletic as well as for emergencies. Ideally stations would be translucent to reduce visual impact. This would entail as much as possible of the structure being constructed of glass or other transparent material. Solar panels could provide power to the station. Station walls would probably need to wrap around the monorail to provide protection for passengers in bad weather.Aesthetics Melbourne’s monorail could be a great visual asset to the city and a major tourist draw card if adequate attention is given to the design of the pillars and beamway. (This has not always been the case with other existing monorails. ) A ‘Medium sized’ monorail such as the Seattle Monorail is recommended for Melbourne. The ‘large sized’ monorail such as the Kitakyushu Monorail probably has too large a visual impact. The beam should be placed above street trees to avoid the need for tree removal, as demonstrated with sections of the Tokyo Monorail.Some Japanese monorail pillars are covered in lattice work to encourage creepers to cover the pillar. This would discourage graffiti. See also the Singapore Monorail pillars. Advertising should not be permitted on pillars, monorail cars or the beamway. Pillar design should be simple and elegant – the objective should be to fit in with Melbourne rather than stand out from it. Switching There is a myth that monorails have a problem with switching. However, in reality all serious monorail systems have switches that are used continuously in day-to-day operation.The proposed system requires switching at the Ashburton end and from the main beamway to storage and maintenance facilities. This can be achieved using one of the methods explained by The Monorail Society on their switch myth page. See also Hitachi Track Switch page. Both sites have video clips of switches in o peration. The Melbourne Monorail would probably use the Segmented Switches shown on the above pages. Safety Monorail systems are not immune from problems caused by poor design. The Seattle monorail has suffered a collision between two cars on a section of track where the beams were too close together.The beams should always be far enough apart to allow monorails to pass without signaling. As far as possible Monorail cars should be fire proof and provide some means of escape. Hitachi recommends evacuation from one monorail train to another one on the adjacent beam – although this has never been necessary in practice. Hitachi monorails can also be coupled together and passengers evacuated through the front or rear doors. (See Hitachi web site for diagram. ) Where monorail beams cross roads with a height clearance less than other existing infrastructure then a protecting beam should be placed across the road ahead of the monorail beam.The monorail should draw power at multiple p oints and have multiple back-up generators capable of at least moving the monorail cars to the next station. All monorail stations should be staffed. Staff should be trained in first aid and be ready to assist the disabled as well as providing security and information. Platform Screen Doors should be used. 1. 2 Types of mono rail based on drive operation. * Electric Power driven. * Magnetic levitation. 1. 3Types of monorail based on position of wagon. * Schwebebahn monorail * Straddle monorail * Cantilevered Monorail * Suspended Monorail 1. 4 Power driven monorail Cheaper technology * Cost of construction per km is less. * Cost of travel per km is less. * Effective for all types of terrains. * Widely accepted. * Maintenance free guideway. * Only rubber tyres get little wear by running on smooth guideway, that’s why rubber tyres has to be changed within 100000 to 150000 km. * Monorail runs on individual guideway, therefore no possibilities of collision. * 0. 015 % of chances o f derailment. 1. 5 Comparison with other MRTS 1. 6 Economical construction as compared to metro rail. 2. 0 OBJECTIVES * To find out problems occurred during excecution of previous monorail projects. Find out solutions for those problems. * Eliminate errors that can occur in future monorail projects. * Total effect on mono-rail project by applying solutions as compared to previous monorail project. * Avoid time ; cost overrun. 3. 0 NEED OF THE STUDY As in India following mono-rail are about to start within next 5 to 7 years. Mumbai mono-rail estimated cost = Rs. 150 cr / km Total cost of project = Rs. 5250 cr. Delhi mono-rail. Bangalore mono-rail. Chennai mono-rail. Kolkata mono-rail. * As all this mono-rail project having estimated cost of 5000 to 8000 crore INR. It is a huge amount of capital ; time to be invested. * This study will help us to avoid the time ; cost overrun of these precious projects. METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY LIBRARY STUDY PRIMARY STUDY CASE STUDIES Various Policies, Strategies, models. Case Study of previously done project Analysis Synthesis, Inferences Report Review Final Feedback Preliminary Report LITERATURE REVIEW Various Problems Occurred In Construction Project * Planning * Funding ; Financing * Engineering and Design * Planning ; Construction * Operation * Safety ; Security * Standards * Laws ; Regulations Projects ; project opportunities Planning Phase In the planning phase, some lessons learned from specific monorail projects such as Seattle Monorail, Kitakyushu Monorail and Chiba will give some useful experiences on how to optimize station and route planning in planning phase, which will guide the best practice in monorail project construction, especially in promoting efficient construction. Design Phase 1. Structural system 2. Guideway layout 3. Design is a complex and demanding process, but it is also the most fruitful area in optimizing the whole project schedule. . Modularization and preassembly in design phase will simplify the construction process, ensure schedule and minimize the impact on the environment. 5. Standardization of design elements is also desirable for any constructible design. 6. Hence, to realize the constructability in monorail projects, some codes are suggested to be followed in the monorail design phase. Problems Which Are Generally Occurred During Execution of MONORAIL Project CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES Foundation and Pier Construction * Survey Team * Tree Clearance/Transplantation Construction Track/Erosion and Sediment Control Construction * Piling of River Foundations * Excavation and Placement of Pad Foundations and Pier and Backfilling * Excavation and placement of foundations with driven piles and pier and backfilling * Access Track and Component Transportation * Depots and Accesses * Depot to Construction Front * Foundation Pads and Piers * Placement of Piers * Transportation for River Foundations * Erection of Monorail Beams * Completion of Monorail Running Surface * Rehabilitatio n * Construction/Mountain Bike Track and Spur Tracks * Future Maintenance Legal Requirements * General Health And Safety Issues * Noise And Lighting Management * Risk Management * Waste Management Literature review We found the information from the case study of monorail of Las Vegas which shows following results * The Monorail The monorail will have the same route as most of the main bus lines today. The monorail system is also expendable in the future. The monorail will be situated above the flower beds and one lane needs to shut off during the construction. The maximum ticket price will be very less for a combination ticket for the monorail and BRT.This price is not more expensive than the current public transport, which means even the poorer families can use the system. * Planet The electricity will be generated with natural gas, which will reach Manaus through a pipeline which is being constructed. The ‘fund’ which plays an important role in the promotion campaign of the monorail, is an already existing ‘reforestation’ fund called RED. Part of the ticket price is donated to this fund. * Land use The monorail will improve and increase commercial activity around the monorail stations (especial around the stadium and downtown).There are no plans to develop these areas. According to SEPLAN, the private sector will take care of this. Possible land use changes around stations did not play any role in choosing the locations of the station. Following are the solution of problems given in the paper â€Å"Constructability Analysis of Monorail Project† is discussed as below: 1. Solving the problems related with the construction of monorail is an important objective in the whole phases of a construction project, and experts with knowledge and experience play an important role in achieving superior constructability. . Constructability analysis will help to eliminate hidden costs and change orders, ensure schedule, improve construction quality and enhance safety in construction project. This research is undertaken to conduct a constructability analysis of monorail project. 3. We identify comprehensive factors which influence monorail project constructability during project planning, design and field operation. Through literature review and case study, a systematic approach and techniques to improve constructability in monorail project will be developed.Finally, we further develop a practical framework for solution implementation in monorail project. 4. Due to the advantages of monorail in many transit realms, dozens of monorail systems have been built and in operating. Other many monorail projects are also in planning and under construction. There is a need to improve constructability of monorail project by bridging gap between engineers and constructors in early stage of monorail project. 5. Results have demonstrated the potential to minimize the number and magnitude of changes, disputes, cost overturns, and dela ys during construction.Following details given bellow are collected from national news paper Times of India: 1. The next phase of city’s monorail rakes running in the metropolitan region will be manufactured in India. All three major monorail manufacturing companies — Scomi of Malaysia, Bombardier of Canada and Hitachi of Japan — have plans to set up manufacturing plants in India. 2. Scomi which is already delivering the first monorail to the city, has already short listed four states in the country where they would want to set up the monorail plant. 3.They expect to finish the formalities of finalising the location by the year-end. The four states they are looking at are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. 4. There is a huge potential market for monorail. As many as 24 cities in India have shown keen interest in having a monorail. It would be our obvious target to tap this potential market and the best way to go further is by setting up a plant here . Compared with the subway (heavy rail) and trolley (light rail), the monorail shows the following advantages (Aoki ; Ishikawa, 1989): 1) EfficiencySince the monorail vehicle uses a concrete or steel guidebeam for both the vehicle’s running surface and structural support, less guideway maintenance is required. The monorail guidebeam does not require periodic adjustment, replacement, grinding, tightening, or other maintenance. The rubber tires get little wear running on smooth guideways. 2) Cost While capital costs can be as much as or more than light rail, monorail can turn a profit once built. The Tokyo Monorail is operated by a private business and turns a profit each year. This is unheard of with conventional rail or bus systems. The Seattle Monorail also turns a profit each year. ) Construction Process of monorail construction is simple – dig a hole, drop in a pre-built support pylon, truck in the track which was manufactured offsite, lift into place! Monorail beam way can be installed far faster than the alternatives. From truck bed to pylons was a matter of a few minutes. The entire system took only seven months to construct. No other fixed rail can be installed as quickly and as disruption-free. Simple construction process of monorail construction. 4) Aesthetics The monorail guideway can be constructed to be an enhancement rather than a detriment to the environment.Monorail systems generally have a smaller footprint on the environment and the narrow guidebeams are less obtrusive than conventional trough-type guideways that are really more like aerial road structures. 5) Safety Monorails run on an exclusive grade-separated guideway. So there is no possibility to collide with other vehicles. The ways by which monorails are designed also make derailments virtually impossible. This is why monorails have an excellent safety record. Monorails of the world 1. Palm Jumeirah Monorail, Dubai, UAE 2. Sentosa Monorail Country / Area| Singapore| Type| S mall| Line Length| 2. 1km|Train Formation| 2cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 60km/h| No. of Track Switches| 2| Inauguration| 2007| Features| First small type monorail| 3. Okinawa Monorail Country / Area| Japan| Type| Medium| Line Length| 13. 1km| Train Formation| 2cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 60km/h| No. of Track Switches| 12| Inauguration| 2003| Features| First FSW monorail| 4. Tama Monorail Country / Area| Japan| Type| Large| Line Length| 16. 0km| Train Formation| 4cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 60km/h| No. of Track Switches| 26| Inauguration| 1998| Features| First VVVF monorail| 5. Osaka Monorail Country / Area| Japan|Type| Large| Line Length| 28. 0km| Train Formation| 4cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 70km/h| No. of Track Switches| 38| Inauguration| 1990| 6. Kita-Kyushu Monorail Country / Area| Japan| Type| Large| Line Length| 8. 8km| Train Formation| 4cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 65km/h| No. of Track Switches| 13| Inauguration| 1985| 7. Osaka Expo. Land Monorail Country / Area| Japan| Type| Medium| Line Length| 4. 3km| Train Formation| 4cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 50km/h| Inauguration| 1970 (abolition 1970)| Features| First ATO operated monorail ; First full flat floor monorail| 8. Tokyo MonorailCountry / Area| Japan| Type| Medium| Line Length| 17. 6km| Train Formation| 6cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 80km/h| No. of Track Switches| 25| Inauguration| 1964| Features| First mass-transit purpose monorail ; tandem axle bogie| 9. Chongqing Monorail, China Country / Area| China| Type| Large| Line Length| 19. 2km| Train Formation| 4cars/trainset| Maximum Service Speed| 75km/h| No. of Track Switches| 9| Inauguration| 2005| Features| First overseas monorail| CASE STUDY Chongqing Metro Chongqing Metro is a  metro  system in  Chongqing,  China Connects city's main business and entertainment downtown areas.Transit type – rapid transit, straddle-beam   – monorail Number of lines – 3 Numb er of stations – 55 Annual ridership – 45 million (2010) [Line 2 only][1] Began operation – 2005 System length – 72. 0 kilometers Line 1 – In operation 2011 Connects densely populated areas and Central Business Districts; Jeifangbei, Daping, and Shapingba. Track length – 16. 4  km No. of stations -14 Line2 – In operation 2005 Connects Yuzhong,Jiulongpo, and  Dadukou. Track length -19. 15  km No. of stations -15 Line 3 – In operation 2011 Connects the districts separated by Chongqing's two main rivers, Track length – 39.   km No. of stations – 29 World's longest single monorail line. Largest monorail system:  Chongqing Rail Transit  (Line 2 & 3), 55. 6km CRT has a total track length in operation – 72. 0  km At 55. 6  km, the system's two monorail lines form the world's largest monorail network, Chongquing monorail map Why the need of a monorail in Chongquing? * China has been achieving econom ic growth averaging about 10% per year. * Problems caused by the underdevelopment of urban infrastructure in major cities have surfaced. * As a result, traffic congestion and air pollution were becoming increasingly serious. Chongqing City is located in the eastern part of the Sichuan basin on the upper reaches of the Chang River * A driving force for economic development in inland regions of China. * Traffic congestion became much worse in the central city areas1, * While air pollution increased due to exhaust gas from automobiles, * Transportation via roads was being inhibited due to the terrain of Chongqing City and the condition of the existing city areas. * The central part of Chongqing City is in a rugged mountainous area. * It is divided in two by the Chang River and the Jialing River. Improvement of the urban environment was considered * There were approximately 4,300,000 bus users per day6 in 2008,accounting for approximately 80% of all transport modes used in Chongqing Cit y. * Development of the Light Rail Transit system is expected to relieve traffic congestion in the central city areas and realize reliable transportation. Project Outline * Approved Amount/ Disbursed Amount – 27,108 million yen / 27,107 million yen * Exchange of Notes Date/ Loan Agreement Signing Date – March 2001 / March 2001 * Terms and Conditions – Interest Rate : 0. 75% Repayment Period : 40 years (Grace Period: 10 years) * Condition for Procurement: Bilateral tied * Borrower / Executing Agencies – Government of the People’s Republic of China /Chongqing * Municipal People’s Government (Project Implementation * Unit: Chongqing Rail Transit General Corporation (CRTC)) * Final Disbursement Date – January 2007 * Main Contractor (Over 1 billion yen) – China International Trust & Investment Corp. (China) / * China Shanghai (Group) Corp. For Foreign Economic & Technology (China) and Changchun Railway .Vehicles Co. Ltd. (China) (JV ) / Mitsui & Co. Ltd. (Japan) * Main Consultant (Over 100million yen) – Japan Railway Technical Service (JARTS) (Japan) and * Pacific Consultants International (PCI) (Japan) (JV) * Feasibility Studies:-F/S prepared by the Second Design Department of the Ministry of Railways (2000) JICA Special Assistance for Project (SAPROF) prepared by Japan Railway Technical Service (JARTS) and Pacific Consultants International (PCI) (1998) Japan Railway Technical Service (JARTS) (Japan) and Pacific Consultants International (PCI) (Japan) (JV) .Project Cost * The planned cost was 44,328 million yen (Japan’s ODA loan amount was 27,108 million), and the actual cost was 46,036 million yen (Japan’s ODA loan amount was 27,107 million), which slightly higher than planned (about 104% of the plan). * The main reason for cost excess was foreign exchange fluctuations. * Both project period and project cost slightly exceeded the plan. * Therefore efficiency of the project is fair. Proble ms faced during the Execution of Chongquing monorail. . In the Official Development Assistance Charter (ODA Charter) approved by the Cabinet in 1992, â€Å"Environmental conservation and development should be pursued in tandem† is stipulated as one of the principles of Japan’s ODA policy. In 2000, a committee in the governing party proposed a â€Å"Summary of and Guidelines for Economic Assistance to China. † Based on the content of this document, the â€Å"Economic Cooperation Program for China† was established in 2001.This series of guidelines and plans designated cooperation towards resolving environmental and other global issues, improved living standards and social development in the inland regions, and the promotion of mutual understanding, etc. , as priority areas for Japan’s ODA to China. The objective of this project is therefore thought to be in compliance with the assistance policy of Japan because it aims for alleviation of air pollutio n in China’s inland regions. Sol:-This project has been highly relevant with the country development plan, development needs, as well as Japan’s ODA policy, therefore its relevance is high. . Construction of precautions and environmental measures for soil runoff ,noise problems, water pollution. etc. ,know-how of technology transfer for environmental monitoring. Sol:- March 2001 to June 2005:Implemented from the project commencement to the operation commencement. 3. Height difference between the rail for the section from Dongwuyuan Station to Dayancun Station and the rail south of Dayancun Station Sol:- The Agency decided to complete the line as far as Dongwuyuan Station without constructing Dayancun Station during this project.As a result, it was decided that the section between Jiaochangkou Station and Dongwuyuan Station would be the project section for Phase 1, and that Dayancun Station would be constructed in phase 2 of the Line 2 project (completed in July 2006). 4. Arrangement of carriages (Since volume of passengers was ascertain) Sol:- The Executing Agency adopted a three stage plan for the arrangement of the carriages (first stage : four-carriage trains, second stage: six-carriage trains, third stage: eight-carriage trains).For time being, Its working with 4 carriages as per the volume of passengers. 5. Differences in Consulting services 6. Delay in tendering process 7. Machinery procurement procedures & delivery 8. In case of Chongquing, due to SARS (Swine flu) increased the time for construction. 9. Cost excess was due to foreign exchange fluctuations 10. Resettlement of 470 residents(190 families) and acquiring approximately 12. 00ha of land for the project implementation. (Land Acquisition)Sol :-The Chongqing Municipal People’s Government and the Executing Agency, the bodies responsible for implementing the resettlement of residents and the land acquisition, went through the procedures, the Chongqing City Urban Resettlement Ma nagement Ordinance, and established the Chongqing Light Rail Transit Line 2 Land Confiscation and Resettlement Compensation Guidelines in order to pay compensation to resettled residents. The land acquisition was also implemented without any particular problems, based on the Law of Land Administration of the People's Republic of China. 11. Height differences. Soln:- Straddle-beam monorail was used. 2. Problems of long span. (30m-40m) 13. Accidents due to armoured concrete, mechanical equipments. etc. CONCLUSION * Thus we conclude that, * The Chongquing monorail project exceeded the projected time of completion and project cost, but still the project is evaluated satisfactory. * So if we avoid or maybe find out the best alternative/or solution/ for the above problem/s the cost and time factor will not exceed. * This study about the problems of the execution of the monorail will help as a guideline to overcome or avoid the obstructions/problems/restrictions in the execution of future monorail projectsBIBLIOGRAPHY * www. hitachi. co. in * The urbanaut company Inc. Monorail systems * Civil engineering and construction review , vol. 24 April 2011Monorail , A viable urban transportation system By, Dr. R. Kuberan. * Civil engineering and construction review , vol. 24 April 2011 construction methodologies for mumbai Monorail projects By, Mr. C. Sankaralingam ; Mr. K. Senthilnathan. * Jakes, Andrew S. , Las Vegas Monorail, 1995. * The Monorail Society website – located at: www. monorails. org * Constructability Analysis of Monorail Project CIV. 1278 F: by Prof. EI-Diraby